机关公文应讲究语言文采/闵涛

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机关公文应讲究语言文采

闵涛


  提起机关公文,不少拟写者厌倦,认为没写头;更多的阅读者皱眉,认为没看头。这倒使我想起1942年毛泽东同志在延安干部会上所作的《反对党八股》的讲演中列举的党八被的罪状。其中的“空话连篇,言之无物”、“语言无味,象个瘪三”、“甲乙丙丁,开中药铺”,倒是言中了我们当今公文中的一个十分严重,却又末被充分认识的问题。这就是缺少文采,甚至根本没有文采,成了当今公文的一个通病。
为什么55年前毛泽东同志指出的问题,今天重又出现呢?这有多方面的原因:

  一是历史的原因。古人写文章是很讲究文采的,孔子说;“言之无文,行而不远”,这是十分中肯的意见。一部《论语》,不但是孔子和他的弟子的思想和学问体现,其语言的精炼、优美、含蓄,也是古代文章的典范。后世的学者也都很注重文章的文采,人们所以爱读司马迁的《史记》,不只是为了了解历史,还常常是出于欣赏文章的文采。至于诸葛亮的《出师表》、陈琳的《为袁绍檄豫州文》等虽属公文,也是很有文采的。但是,自从文学与其他学科显著地分途以来,有些非文学作品的作者对于文章,特别是对公文的文采便有所忽视。宋代以后,甚至有“作文害道”之说。清代某些主张经世致用的学者,更有轻视文采的倾向。到了本世纪40年代则有“党八股”的出现。以上可以说是历史的原因。
  二是认识上的原因。不少人对公文语言必须庄重、朴实的要求作了片面的理解,以为庄重就不能抒发情感,朴实就不能使用华丽的词句。于是公文语言在运用上便越来越枯燥乏味,在表情达意上便越来越平淡浮浅,好似患了“贫血”病和营养不良症。又有不少人认为公文属于应用文,又不是文学作品,只要通俗、明白、易懂就行了,要什么文采?于是不少公文便只有抽象的道理,缺少具体的形象;便只有一二三四的叙述,没有生动鲜明的论证。这就是毛泽东同志所说的那种“不生动,不形象,使人看了头痛”的文章。还有一些人则死守着公文的既定框框和固有程式,不敢超越雷池一步。所以,如今虽说谁都认为毛泽东的文稿很有文采,也常以他的《湖南农民运动考察报告》作为范文。可要是谁真的象毛泽东那样撰写调查报告,恐怕十个有十个要以“不合规范,没有章法”被“毙”掉。而我们经常接触到的一些调查报告,虽然是既合规范,又有章法,却是没了生气,没了个性,形式呆板,语言枯燥,不要说群众不愿意看,就连自己读起来也味同嚼蜡。
  三是作者的原因。领导懒于动笔是其一。领导在办文上如何使用秘书,毛泽东同志对此讲得最多,最尖锐,也最深刻。他历来主张领导自己动手,不要秘书代劳。可是现在又有多少领导亲自动手写文章呢?有的同志原本是写文章的,文笔也不错,但一当了领导就“马放南山,刀枪入库”了。如今,大领导不写,小领导也不写,甚至不写文章的办公室主任也大有人在。曹操、王安石等古代将相的文章为什么很有文采,毛泽东、邓小平等老一辈无产阶级革命家的文章为什么很有文采,原因尽管是多方面的,但自己动手,不要秘书代劳,是一个重要原因。领导着一个方面的工作,甚至是领导着一项伟大事业的领导干部,其呕心沥血的辛劳,其屡经挫折的感慨,其运筹帷幄的灵感,其百战百胜的激情,绝非秘书所能感受,更非秘书所能写出。唯有领导亲自动笔,才能情感洋溢,异彩纷呈。缺乏真情实感是其二。公文虽属受命之作,但若没有真挚的情怀,实际的感受,也是不可能写出文采的,更不可能以这样的文章去感染、感动他人。如《转发××××通知的通知的通知》之类的“接力”文;既无新内容,也无新举措,更无新精神,年年如此的“季节”文;照顾方方面面,大段摘抄引证,不能不发的“应景”文。还有一些要求下级令行禁止的公文,需要深入调查研究才能写好的公文,本人却不令行禁止,自己从不下去,又让秘书闭门造车,又怎能写出文采呢?素质太差勉为其难是其三。多数机关工作人员,包括秘书原本文学功底就浅,进入机关这个门后,又从没遇上个本领高强的“师傅”,如此一代传一代,文通字顺已经很不简单了,哪有文采之说。加之,今天晚上布置的文,明天早上就必须交卷,只好“萝卜快了不洗泥”,质量服从速度,还讲什么文采? 综上所述,可见公文缺少文采并非一时之问题,也并非一个部门的问题,乃是长期以来并不以为是问题的问题。笔者只见过起草了不合规范的公文要被清却从未见过写了没有文采的公文要挨批评。那么,什么是公文的文采呢?所谓公文的文采公文中经过选择、加工后,能够增强公文表现力的词藻。但它不一定是华美的语言词藻,因为华美语藻的堆砌,并不能产生文采。正如巴尔扎克所说:“是来自思想而不是来自词藻”,所以华美的语言词然可以使公文增添文采,就是很朴实的俗言哩语使公文顿生文采。那种能激起人们思想活力和高操的语言词藻是文采,那种质朴无华、情真意切能浅中见深、平中见奇效果的语言词藻也是文采。其就在于对语言词藻的选择与加工的艺术如何。公文为什么要讲究文采呢?首先公文的文采是增强公文实用性的需要。的实用性主要体现在公文对象对公文的认识、理角受、执行程度上,这里除了公文的客观内容外,公作上的表现力、说服力、感染力,即公文的文采,也大的作用。主要体现在四个方面:
  1.公文的文采,可以增强公文的生动性。毛泽《星星之火,可以燎原》中是这样解释中国革命高要到来的:“它是站在海岸遥望海中已经看得见桅头了的一只航船,它是立于高山之巅远看东方引芒四射喷薄欲出的一轮红日,它是躁动于母腹中要成熟了的一个婴儿。”这段话不仅表现了作者高瞩的政治眼光,也因其精采生动的比喻受到人们的赞赏。
  2.公文的文采,可以增强公文的逻辑性。《邓小平文选》中就有很多这样以逻辑性强见长的公文。如“世界上最不怕孤立、最不怕封锁、最不怕制裁的就是中国”。建国以后,我们处于被孤立、被封锁、被制裁的地位有几十年之久,但归根岬祝?挥兴鸷ξ颐嵌嗌佟N?裁?因为……”这段话先言出中国三个“最不怕”的观点,然后分析其原因是党有志气,民有志气,最后得出坏事变好事的结论。这种分析论证顺理成章、辩证统一、逻辑性强、很有文采,令人信服。
  3.公文的文采,可以增强公文的准确性。1997年4月23日江泽民主席在叶利钦总统为他来访举行的欢迎宴会上的讲话便是很好的例子,江泽民说:“俄罗斯伟大的作家列夫,托尔斯泰曾经说过:‘一切美好的东西只有经过努力才能获得。’这句话蕴涵着深刻的哲理。我们两国关系在经历了多少风风雨雨之后,终于‘结束过去,开辟未来’。从相互视为友好国家到结成建设性伙伴,直至确立战略协作伙伴关系。这是我们两国领导人和两国人民经过共同努力而赢得的共同财富”。这段话既高度概括,又非常形象;既意味深长,又恰到好处;既洗练,又准确;一言以蔽之:很有文采。
  4.公文的文采,可以增强公文的可读性。马克思的《资本论》可谓博大精深,连马克思的论敌也不得不承认,马克思用生动的叙述语言使深奥而枯燥的经济学问题具有一种独特的吸引力。
上述四性,都是从属于公文的实用性,并为公文的实用性服务的。由于公文的文采增强了公文的生动性、准确性、逻辑性和可读性,因而必然增强公文的实用性。
  其次,公文的文采是机关水平的体现。中国古代不少王朝都很注重公文的文采,总是把知识渊博、文化修养高的人才吸收到高层权力中心,负责公文的起草、润色、把关等工作。毛泽东同志早就强调:“无产阶级一定要有自己的秀才,这些人要较多的懂得马克思列宁主义,又有一定的文化水平,科学知识,词章修养。”今天尽管公文的文学价值已退居次要位置,但有无文采,仍是衡量公文品位高低、质量优劣的重要标准,仍是机关的门面和象征。
  再次,公文的文采是机关文风的折射。毛泽东同志在《工作方法六十条》中说:“文章和文件都应当具有这样三种性质:准确性、鲜明性、生动性。”他在批评一些“不讲究词章”的文件时说,“看这种文件是一场大灾难,耗费精力又少有所得,一定要改变这种不良风气。”而且把“不生动、不形象”的文章的作者批评为“好象他们是立志要让读者受苦似的”。‘所以写这种没有文采的公文,确实折射了机关的某种不良文风;比如敷衍了事,应付上级,搪塞下级;比如懒得学习,懒得动手,懒得推敲;比如缺乏感情,缺少信念,麻木不仁,等等,不一而足。相反,有文采的公文则反映了一个机关生气勃勃、充满激情、勤于学习、富有创见的文风。
  最后,公文的文采是对传统文化的继承。中国古代和近现代的一些优秀公文,虽然早已失去了其实用效果,但却流传至今,成为百读不厌的范文。今天的机关工作人员,特别是秘书人员有责任,更有义务把这些精神财富学到手,把这些文化遗产继承下来。同时也要从我们的手中,给后人留下一些有文采的文章,不要断代,不要空白,甚至还要有所发展。


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关于印发《住房和城乡建设部直属机关2011年工会工作要点》的通知

住房和城乡建设部


关于印发《住房和城乡建设部直属机关2011年工会工作要点》的通知

建机工[2011]1号


各直属工会、部机关各司局工会小组:

  现将《住房和城乡建设部直属机关2011年工会工作要点》印发你们,请结合本单位实际,认真贯彻落实。



              直属机关工会
              二○一一年二月二十二日



住房和城乡建设部直属机关2011年工会工作要点

  2011年直属机关工会工作总的要求是,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,全面贯彻党的十七届五中全会精神,积极开展创先争优活动,按照中央国家机关工会联合会和部直属机关党委的部署,充分发挥各级工会组织的优势,努力为中心大局服务、为和谐单位建设服务、为职工需求服务,团结带领广大职工为实现“十二五”规划建功立业。

  一、积极开展创先争优活动,团结动员职工为实现“十二五”规划岗位建功

  (一)按照党组织的统一部署,认真组织学习宣传党的十七届五中全会精神,学习宣传中央关于推动科学发展、加快转变经济发展方式的决策部署,把广大职工的思想统一到中央精神和部党组的部署上来,为实现“十二五”规划良好开局建功立业。发挥工会组织的特色和优势,积极开展宣传教育工作,引导职工关心和支持本单位改革发展稳定工作,为完成部和本单位中心任务作贡献。

  (二)按照“党建带工建,工建服务党建”的要求,在创先争优活动中积极发挥工会组织作用。大力弘扬劳模精神,广泛宣传先进典型尤其是本单位岗位建功先进典型,营造创先争优的良好氛围。组织开展多种形式的劳动竞赛活动,团结动员广大职工立足岗位创先进。继续开展“创建学习型组织,争做知识型职工”活动,鼓励和支持职工结合本职工作加强学习。积极开展“讲文明、树新风”活动,加强职工社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德教育,不断提高职工思想道德修养。

  二、努力为干部职工服务,切实协助解决职工的实际困难

  (三)发挥职代会、工会组织的作用,配合党政部门建立健全民主决策、民主管理、民主监督的制度机制,保障职工的知情权、参与权、表达权和监督权。及时了解和反映职工诉求,做好党政领导及相关部门与职工的沟通交流工作。协助有关部门做好劳务合同、职工“三险”、职工休假等工作,在维护好职工合法权益中发挥作用。

  (四)及时了解掌握困难职工的情况,特别是老劳模、老先进工作者、特困职工的情况,不断完善困难职工档案。积极向党政领导反映情况,加大帮扶力度,协助解决困难职工的实际问题。重点做好春节、五一、十一等重要节日期间“送温暖”活动,坚持经常性“送温暖”制度。加强与央务鹊桥工程、央务心理咨询工程的联系,协助做好服务工作。

  三、积极开展职工文体活动,丰富职工文化生活

  (五)根据党组织统一安排,积极组织开展纪念建党90周年活动。广泛宣传党的光荣历史和丰功伟绩,唱响共产党好、社会主义好、改革开放好、伟大祖国好、各族人民好的主旋律。配合做好直属机关纪念建党90周年歌咏活动、书画摄影诗词展活动。积极组织参加中央国家机关工委的纪念活动。各单位工会要根据本单位实际开展各具特色的纪念活动,积极营造纪念建党90周年的热烈氛围。

  (六)继续组织群众性健身活动。直属机关工会上半年会同文明办举办“讲文明、树新风”健身长走活动、第四届羽毛球友谊赛;下半年举办第六届乒乓球友谊赛、第五届在职干部与离退休干部局老干部台球友谊赛。继续推广广播操活动。组队参加中央国家机关的有关比赛活动。支持乒乓球俱乐部、桥牌协会组织开展活动。推动建立职工文化、体育兴趣组织,带动职工文体活动。各单位工会要根据本单位实际组织开展形式多样的体育活动,促进职工健身活动的广泛开展。

  四、加强工会组织自身建设

  (七)进一步加强工会组织建设,做好到届工会的换届工作,继续推动有条件的社团组建工会。结合创先争优活动,积极推进职工之家建设。加强对工会干部的培训,直属机关工会继续举办工会干部培训班。

  (八)严格执行工会财务的各项规章制度,督促各单位工会足额、按时缴纳会费。继续开展工会财务人员培训,提高工会财务管理水平。进一步发挥经审会对本级经费使用情况的审查和监督作用,使工会经费管理更加规范化、制度化。


CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 71)
 CONTENTS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation and application
  he "reasonableness" test
  Dealing as consumer"
  arieties of exemption clause
  ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
  II    CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
  dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
  egligence liability
  iability arising in contract
  nreasonable indemnity clauses Liability arising from sale or
supply of
  s
  "Guarantee" of consumer goods
  Seller's liability
  Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass Other provisions
about
  racts
  Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
  Evasion by means of secondary contract
  Arbitration agreements
  III   CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
  International supply contracts
  Choice of law clauses
  Saving for other relevant legislation
  Application
  IV    CONSEQUENTIAL AND OTHER AMENDMENTS
  (Omitted)
  dule 1. Scope of sections 7, 8, 9 and 12
  dule 2. "Guidelines" for application of reasonableness test
  dule 3. (Omitted)
 Whole document
  
  imit the extent to which civil liability for breach of contract, 
or
  negligence or other breach of duty, can be avoided by 
means of
  ract terms and otherwise; and to restrict the 
enforceability of
  tration agreements. [1 December 1990] L. N. 38 of 1990
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Control of Exemption Clauses
Ordinance.
  nterpretation and application
  In this Ordinance--
  iness" includes a profession and the activities of a public 
body, a
  ic authority, or a board, commission, committee or 
other body
  inted by the Governor or Government;
  ds" has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap.
26);
  ligence" means the breach--
  of any obligation, arising from the express or implied terms 
of a
  ract, to take reasonable care or exercise reasonable skill 
in the
  ormance of the contract;
  of any common law duty to take reasonable care or exercise 
reasonable
  l (but not any stricter duty);
  of the common duty of care imposed by the Occupiers 
Liability
  nance (Cap. 314); "notice" includes an announcement, whether or
not in
  hing, and any other communication or pretended communication;
  sonal injury" includes any disease and any impairment of 
physical or
  al condition.
  In the case of both contract and tort, sections 7 to 12 apply 
(except
  e the contrary is stated in section 11 (4)) only to 
business
  ility, that is liability for breach of obligations or duties
arising--
  from things done or omitted to be done by a person in the course
of a
  ness (whether his own business or another's); or
  from the occupation of premises used for business purposes 
of the
  pier, and references to liability are to be read 
accordingly; but
  ility of an occupier of premises for breach of an obligation or 
duty
  rds a person obtaining access to the premises for 
recreational or
  ational purposes, being liability for loss or damage 
suffered by
  on of the dangerous state of the premises, is not a business
liability
  he occupier unless granting that person such access for the 
purposes
  erned falls within the business purposes of the occupier.
  In relation to any breach of duty or obligation, it is 
immaterial
  her the breach was inadvertent or intentional, or whether 
liability
  it arises directly or vicariously.
  1977 c. 50 ss. 1&14 U. K.]
  he "reasonableness" test
  In relation to a contract term, the requirement of reasonableness 
for
  purposes of this Ordinance and section 4 of the 
Misrepresentation
  nance (Cap. 284) is satisfied only if the court or 
arbitrator
  rmines that the term was a fair and reasonable one to be 
included
  ng regard to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably
to have
  , known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the 
contract
  made.
  In determining for the purposes of section 11 or 12 whether a
contract
  satisfies the requirement of reasonableness, the court or 
arbitrator
  l have regard in particular to the matters specified in 
Schedule 2;
  this subsection does not prevent the court or arbitrator from
holding,
  ccordance with any rule of law, that a term which purports to 
exclude
  estrict any relevant liability is not a term of the contract.
  
  In relation to a notice (not being a notice having 
contractual
  ct), the requirement of reasonableness under this 
Ordinance is
  sfied only if the court or arbitrator determines that it would
be fair
  reasonable to allow reliance on it, having regard to 
all the
  umstances obtaining when the liability arose or (but for the 
notice)
  d have arisen.
  In determining (under this Ordinance or the 
Misrepresentation
  nance (Cap. 284)) whether a contract term or notice 
satisfies the
  irement of reasonableness, the court or arbitrator shall have 
regard
  articular (but without prejudice to subsection (2) to whether
(and, if
  to what extent) the language in which the term or notice is 
expressed
  language understood by the person as against whom another 
person
  s to rely upon the term or notice.
  Where by reference to a contract term or notice a person 
seeks to
  rict liability to a specified sum of money, and the question
arises
  er this Ordinance or the Misrepresentation Ordinance (Cap. 
284))
  her the term or notice satisfies the requirement of 
reasonableness,
  court or arbitrator shall have regard in particular (but 
without
  udice to subsection (2) or (4)) to--
  the resources which he could expect to be available to him for 
the
  ose of meeting the liability should it arise; and
  how far it was open to him to cover himself by insurance.
  It is for the person claiming that a contract term or notice
satisfies
  requirement of reasonableness to prove that it does.
  1977 c. 50 s. 11 U. K.]
  Dealing as consumer"
  A party to a contract "deals as consumer" in relation to another
party
  
  he neither makes the contract in the course of a business nor 
holds
  elf out as doing so;
  the other party does make the contract in the course of a 
business;
  
  in the case of a contract governed by the law of sale of goods 
or by
  ion 12, the goods passing under or in pursuance of the contract
are of
  pe ordinarily supplied for private use or consumption.
  Notwithstanding subsection (1), on a sale by auction or by
competitive
  er the buyer is not in any circumstances to be regarded as dealing 
as
  umer.
  It is for the person claiming that a party does not deal as 
consumer
  rove that he does not.
  1977 c. 50 s. 12 U. K.]
  
  arieties of exemption clause
  To the extent that this Ordinance prevents the 
exclusion  or
  riction of any liability it also prevents--
  making the liability or its enforcement subject to 
restrictive or
  ous conditions;
  excluding or restricting any right or remedy in respect 
of the
  ility, or subjecting a person to any prejudice in consequence of 
his
  uing any such right or remedy;
  excluding or restricting rules of evidence or procedure, and (to 
that
  nt) sections 7, 10, 11 and 12 also prevent excluding or 
restricting
  ility by reference to terms and notices which  exclude  or 
restrict
  relevant obligation or duty.
  An agreement in writing to submit present or future 
differences to
  tration is not to be treated under this Ordinance as 
excluding or
  ricting any liability. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 13 U. K.]
  ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
  Legislative Council may by resolution amend Schedules 1 and 2.
 PART II CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
  
  dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
  egligence liability
  A person cannot by reference to any contract term or to a notice
given
  ersons generally or to particular persons exclude or 
restrict his
  ility for death or personal injury resulting from negligence.
  In the case of other loss or damage, a person cannot so 
exclude or
  rict his liability for negligence except in so far as the 
term or
  ce satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
  Where a contract term or notice purports to exclude or 
restrict
  ility for negligence a person's agreement to or awareness of it
is not
  tself to be taken as indicating his voluntary acceptance of any
risk.
  1977 c. 50 s. 2 U. K.]
  iability arising in contract
  This section applies as between contracting parties where one of 
them
  s as consumer or on the other's written standard terms of
business.
  As against that party, the other cannot by reference to any 
contract
  --
  When himself in breach of contract, exclude or restrict any 
liability
  is in respect of the breach; or
  claim to be entitled--
  to render a contractual performance substantially different from 
that
  h was reasonably expected of him; or
  in respect of the whole or any part of his contractual obligation,
to
  er no performance at all,
  pt in so far as (in any of the cases mentioned above 
in this
  ection) the contract term satisfies the requirement of
reasonableness.
  1977 c. 50 s. 3 U. K.]
  nreasonable indemnity clauses
  A person dealing as consumer cannot by reference to any contract 
term
  ade to indemnify another person (whether a party to the 
contract or
  in respect of liability that may be incurred by the 
other for
  igence or breach of contract, except in so far as the contract 
term
  sfies the requirement of reasonableness.
  This section applies whether the liability in question--
  is directly that of the person to be indemnified or is incurred
by him
  riously;
  is to the person dealing as consumer or to someone else. [cf. 1977 
c.
  . 4 U. K.]
  ility arising from sale or supply of goods
  
  "Guarantee" of consumer goods
  In the case of goods of a type ordinarily supplied for private
use or
  umption, where loss or damage--
  arises from the goods proving defective while in consumer use;
and
  results from the negligence of a person concerned in the 
manufacture
  istribution of the goods, liability for the loss or damage 
cannot be
  uded or restricted by reference to any contract term or 
notice
  ained in or operating by reference to a guarantee of the goods.
  For these purposes--
  goods are to be regarded as "in consumer use" when a person is 
using
  , or has them in his possession for use, otherwise than 
exclusively
  the purposes of a business; and
  anything in writing is a guarantee if it contains or 
purports to
  ain some promise or assurance (however worded or 
presented) that
  cts will be made good by complete or partial replacement, 
or by
  ir, monetary compensation or otherwise.
  This section does not apply as between the parties to a contract
under
  n pursuance of which possession or ownership of the goods passed.
  1977 c. 50 s. 5 U. K.]
  Seller's liability
  Liability for breach of the obligations arising from section 14
of the
  of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings 
as to
  e, etc.) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any
contract
  .
  As against a person dealing as consumer, liability for breach of 
the
  gations arising from section 15, 16 or 17 of the Sale of 
Goods
  nance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings as to 
conformity of
  s with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness
for a
  icular purpose) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to 
any
  ract term.
  As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, the 
liability
  ified in subsection (2) can be excluded or restricted by reference 
to
  ntract term, but only in so far as the term satisfies the 
requirement
  easonableness.
  The liabilities referred to in this section are not only the 
business
  ilities defined by section 2 (2), but include those arising under 
any
  ract of sale of goods. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 6 U. K.]
  Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass
  Where the possession or ownership of goods passes 
under or in
  uance of a contract not governed by the law of sale of 
goods,
  ection (2) to (4) apply in relation to the effect (if any) that 
the
  t or arbitrator is to give to contract terms excluding or 
restricting
  ility for breach of obligation arising by implication of law from 
the
  re of the contract.
  As against a person dealing as consumer, liability in respect of 
the
  's correspondence with description or sample, or their 
quality or
  ess for any particular purpose, cannot be excluded or 
restricted by
  rence to any such term.
  As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, that
liability
  be excluded or restricted by reference to such a term, but only
in so
  as the term satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
  
  Liability in respect of--
  the right to transfer ownership of the goods, or give possession;
or
  the assurance of quiet possession to a person taking 
goods in
  uance of the contract, cannot be excluded or restricted by 
reference
  ny such term except in so far as the term satisfies the requirement
of
  onableness. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 7 U. K.]
  r provisions about contracts
  Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
  Where for reliance upon it a contract term has to 
satisfy the
  irement of reasonableness, it may be found to do so and be 
given
  ct accordingly notwithstanding that the contract has been 
terminated
  er by breach or by a party electing to treat it as repudiated.
  Where on a breach the contract is nevertheless affirmed by a 
party
  tled to treat as repudiated, this does not of itself 
exclude the
  irement of reasonableness in relation to any contract term.
  1977 c. 50 s. 9 U. K.]
  Evasion by means of secondary contract
  rson is not bound by any contract term prejudicing or taking 
away
  ts of his which arise under, or in connection with the performance
of,
  her contract, so far as those rights extend to the 
enforcement of
  her's liability which this Ordinance prevents that 
other  from
  uding or restricting.
  1977 c. 50 s. 10 U. K.]
  Arbitration agreements
  As against a person dealing as consumer, an agreement to submit
future
  erences to arbitration cannot be enforced except--
  with his written consent signified after the differences in 
question
  arisen; or
  where he has himself had recourse to arbitration in pursuance of 
the
  ement in respect of any differences.
  Subsection (1) does not affect--
  the enforcement of an international arbitration agreement 
within the
  ing of section 2 (1) of the Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 341);
  laced 76 of 1990 s. 2)
  the resolution of differences arising under any contract so far
as it
  by virtue of Schedule 1, excluded from the operation of section
7, 8,
  12.
 PART III CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
  
  International supply contracts
  The limits imposed by this Ordinance on the extent to which a 
person
  exclude or restrict liability by reference to a contract term do 
not
  y to liability arising under an international supply contract.
  The terms of an international supply contract are not subject to 
any
  irement of reasonableness under section 8 or 9.
  For the purposes of this section, an international supply 
contract
  s a contract--
  that is either a contract of sale of goods or a contract under 
or in
  uance of which the possession or ownership of goods passes;
  that is made by parties whose places of business (or, if they 
have
  , habitual residences) are in the territories of different 
States or
  in and outside Hong Kong; and
  in the case of which--
  the goods in question are, at the time of the conclusion 
of the
  ract, in the course of carriage, or will be carried, 
from the
  itory of one State to the territory of another, or to or from 
Hong
  from or to a place outside Hong Kong; or
  the acts constituting the offer and acceptance have been done in 
the
  itories of different States or in and outside Hong Kong; or
  ) the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to the
territory
  State other than that within whose territory the acts 
constituting
  offer and acceptance were done; or
  the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done in Hong
Kong
  the contract provides for the goods to be delivered outside Hong
Kong;
  
  the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done outside 
Hong
  and the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to Hong
Kong.
  1977 c. 50 s. 26 U. K.]
  Choice of law clauses
  Where the proper law of a contract is the law of Hong Kong only 
by
  ce of the parties (and apart from that choice would be the law
of some
  r country) sections 7 to 12 do not operate as part of the proper
law.
  This Ordinance has effect notwithstanding any contract 
term which
  ies or purports to apply the law of some other country, where 
(either
  oth)--
  the term appears to the court or arbitrator to have been 
imposed
  ly or mainly for the purpose of enabling the party imposing 
it to
  e the operation of this Ordinance; or
  in the making of the contract one of the parties dealt as 
consumer,
  he was then habitually resident in Hong Kong, and the essential 

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